Challenges and innovations in 3D printed biomaterials and biomedical applications

Abstract

3D-printed biomaterials stand out as an area that expands its applications in medicine and engineering and offers innovative solutions. This section comprehensively discusses the challenges of 3D printing technologies in biomaterial production and innovations in this field. While the basic properties of biomaterials, such as mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and cytotoxicity, are analyzed, how material types and printing techniques affect these properties are examined. The applications and limitations of different material groups such as polymers, ceramics, and metals are detailed, and the superior performance of metals such as titanium alloys in orthopedic and dental applications is emphasized. The customization and high-resolution advantages of 3D printing play a critical role in tissue engineering and implant design. However, technical challenges such as surface roughness, post-printing processing needs, and scalability are also evaluated. Hybrid and multilayer structures and bioactive coatings are among the main innovations examined to optimize mechanical performance and biocompatibility. This study highlights future research potential and new research areas for advances in 3D-printed biomaterials in biomedical applications.