Integration of smart grid with renewable energy sources: Opportunities and challenges – A comprehensive review

Abstract

Renewable energy is the most promising solution to the rising problem of greenhouse gas emissions, and it also contributes to environmental protection. A typical electrical grid is a unidirectional system that converts just one-third of the fuel energy into electricity and does not recover waste heat. Almost 8% of its output is lost via transmission lines and 20% of its capacity exists primarily to meet peak demand. Smart grids are controlled power networks that provide several benefits such as expansion and effective management of renewable energy sources. The present review provides an elaborative discussion on smart technologies in terms of characteristics, energy storage systems, demand side management, communication technologies, grid security, and privacy. The present review also highlights important issues for smart grid integration with renewable energy. It is revealed that the communication network and appropriate demand side management with suitable algorithms are highly important for futuristic smart grid integration. Finally, the evolution of Indian energy legislation and regulations, as well as the main barriers are reviewed. A few policy recommendations are also tallied at the conclusion based on the assessment.