İslam borçlar hukukunda akit meclisinin aşamaları

Abstract

In Islamic law of obligations, the declarations of intent which constitute the es-sential elements (rukn)of a contract must converge in terms of time or place for the contract to be concluded. This convergence is facilitated by what is referred to as the contract session (majlis al-'aqd).The contract session is a foundational condition for the formation (in'iqad)of a contract, with its primary function be-ing to establish a connection between the offer (ijab)and acceptance (qabul).Modern definitions typically emphasize this aspect of the contract session, often neglecting its impact on the validity (ia)of the contract. However, an exami-nation of the rules governing exchange contracts and the defect (fasad)theory articulated within the anafi school demonstrates that numerous conditions must be fulfilled within the session to ensure the validity of the contract or to rectify a defective (fasid)contract. This article, therefore, explores the influence of the contract session on the formation and validity of a contract, specifically within the scope of the anafischool.To this end, the concept of the contract session and its role within contract theory are first addressed. Subsequently, the relationship between the contract session and the formation and validity of a contract is analyzedin two stages, the first being the in'iqad session, which en-compasses the period between offer and acceptance. The session of contract formation (majlis al-in'iqad)begins with an offer and concludes with acceptance. In the session of contract formation, the time elapsed between offer and acceptance is considered as if it were a single moment. Pro-vided that no circumstance disrupts the continuity of the session during this pe-riod, the acceptance is deemed inseparable from the offer, and they are consid-ered, in effect, to have been made consecutively. In this process, sustaining the unity of the assembly requires the parties to remain actively involved with the contract and to avoid any actions that may indicate a withdrawal from it. The second stage of the session extends from the point of acceptance until the parties' physical separation. Considering the impact of this phase on the contract, it would be appropriate, in our view, to refer to it as the validity session (majlis al-ia).There are three primary reasons forthe emergence of the validity ses-sion in contracts: preventing the exchange of debt for debt, avoiding interest (riba),and eliminating defective elements to render the contract valid According to the Hanafi school,in a sale contract, the physical delivery of the sold item during the contract session is not required to prevent the exchange of debt for debt. Instead, the item shouldbe designated during the contract session. However, delivering the exchanged items during the contract session is obligato-ry in advance payment sale (salam) and currency exchange (sarf) transactions. For the validity of these contracts, the designation and delivery must occur no later than the moment the parties physically separate. In this context, this ses-sion stagemay be regarded as a session of validity. The second factor that brings outthe session of validity is the prohibition of in-terest. Suppose the exchanged items share common characteristics in terms of measurement by volume (kayl) or weight (wazn). In that case,one of the two goods being exchanged must be designated during the contract session to pre-vent the emergence of deferred interest.

Furthermore, if the tradedgoods are of the same genus, equality must be ensured during the contract session to avoid surplus interest. In both cases, the relevant period extends not only until the ac-ceptance of the contract but also until the parties physically separate after ac-ceptance. Thus, it is evident that the session of validity plays a decisive role in ensuring compliance with the conditions related to the prohibition of interest. The third factor that brings outthe validity session is removinga corrupting el-ement (mufsid)to render the contract valid. For the defect to be rectified, it must not have become fixed, and there must be no definitive decision by the parties or a judicial ruling to annul the contract. In some cases, the fixation of the defect is contingent upon the contract session. Once the parties physically separate, the defect becomes fixed, and rendering the contract valid is no longer possible.

Bu makalede İslam borçlar hukukunda akdin in’ikad şartlarından biri olan akit meclisi, Hanefî mezhebi özelinde incelenmiştir. İrade beyanlarının sahih biçimde bağ oluşturmasını sağlayan akit meclisi, güncel çalışmalardaki tanımlarda genellikle bu işleviyle ele alınmış, akdin sıhhati üzerindeki etkisi ihmal edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın hedefi, Hanefilerin mübadele işlemleri için öne sürdüğü şartlar ve fesat teorisi bağlamında akit meclisinin akdin sıhhati üzerindeki etkisini ve bu etkiye bağlı olarak meclis sürecinde oluşan değişimi ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaçla çalışmada öncelikle akit meclisinin akit teorisindeki yerinden kısaca bahsedilmiş, ardından akdin in’ikadı ve sıhhatiyle olan ilişkisi, iki aşama halinde ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmış, Hanefî klasiklerinde farklı meselelerde dağınık halde bulunan veriler toplanarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu değerlendirmeye göre akit meclisinin yalnızca icap ve kabul arasındaki süreçten ibaret olmadığı, akdin sıhhatini sağlayan ve mecliste yerine getirilmesi gereken belirli şartlar sebebiyle kabulden itibaren tarafların ayrılığına kadar geçen sürecin de akit meclisine dahil olduğu görülmüştür. Buna istinaden akit meclisi tanımlarında meclisin sıhhat işlevine de vurgu yapılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.