The changes in yield, quality, and soil properties of turfgrass grown by applying varying levels of hazelnut husk compost and irrigating with wastewater in soils with different textures, and their effects on carbon dioxide emissions from the soil

Abstract

The increasing population in the world complicates the management of solid and liquid wastes. In irrigation with wastewater and application of organic wastes to the soil, both discharges of the waste problems are solved and waste management is provided and the need for synthetic fertilizers is reduced by increasing soil and crop productivity. Hence, more environmentally-friendly and economical production can be developed in agriculture. This context, in this study, in which the yield-quality of turfgrass and soil was investigated by applying varying amounts of hazelnut husk compost to different soil textures and by irrigating with different water qualities, increasing organic matter and carbon, total N, P2O5, K2O, exchangeable cations, and Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn contents of the soil increased nutrient contents of the turfgrass and turfgrass yield-quality values in both soil textures with increasing dose of hazelnut husk compost and in irrigation with wastewater compared to fresh water. Irrigation with wastewater and compost improved the yield-quality of turfgrass and soil; however, they resulted in higher levels of carbon dioxide emissions from the soil. In addition, the emission was even higher in clay-loam soil compared to in sandy-loam. It was found that the compost and irrigation with wastewater applications in turfgrass areas are recommendable production strategies to increase crop yield-quality and support soil fertility. However, since increased carbon dioxide emissions in these conditions are environmental and ecological risk, a more intensive production accompanied by emission-reducing practices was considered a recommendable result to carry out studies on the development of strategies.