Recent advances in shikonin nanoformulations for managing inflammation-related disease

Abstract

Shikonin, a naphthoquinone compound derived from the root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, has been extensively studied for its antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Increasing evidence highlights its potential in treating inflammation-related diseases. However, its clinical application is hindered by challenges such as poor water solubility, rapid metabolism in vivo, and other limitations. Recent advancements have demonstrated that encapsulating shikonin within nanocarriers can significantly enhance its water solubility and pharmacokinetic profile. Building on this, this perspective paper outlines the current landscape of inflammation treatment, explores the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of shikonin, reviews the latest progress in shikonin-based nanomaterials for anti-inflammatory applications, and discusses the challenges and future directions for the clinical translation of shikonin nanoformulations.