First record of the doctor fish in Antalya (Türkiye) outside its natural distribution range: Taxonomic identity and potential ecological risks

Abstract

This study investigates the presence of Garra turcica Karaman, 1971, commonly known as doctor fish, in the Antalya region, which lies far beyond its natural distribution range, which is restricted to the eastern part of the Mediterranean Region of Türkiye. The findings suggest that the introduction of G. turcica to Antalya’s rivers is likely linked to human activities, particularly its use in health tourism for fish spa treatments. Morphological and ecological assessments were conducted, and the species identity was confirmed as G. turcica by genetic analysis. The findings indicate that its presence in the Antalya region could potentially pose ecological risks, including competition with native species and possible disease transmission. In addition, the species’ broad thermal tolerance and adaptability may increase the likelihood of its establishment in the region, suggesting the need for further monitoring and population-based studies to assess its long-term impacts.