Whole genome analysis of Diplodia bulgarica associated with apple canker disease provides new insights into its virulence and host-pathogen interactions

Abstract

Diplodia bulgarica, an ascomycetous fungus, causing apple canker disease belongs to family Botryosphaeriaceae. The genomic basis and pathogenicity mechanisms of D. bulgarica are still in the research domain. Here we are presenting the D. bulgarica isolate Sun2024a draft genome sequence completed through hybrid assembly. The genome of Diplodia bulgarica Sun2024a was estimated to be approximately 40.92 Mb with 23 contigs and 11,827 protein coding genes, with an overall GC content of 54.88%. Total of 1072 proteins were identified with signal peptides, along with 237 predicted effectors. The number of exons and introns identified was 35562 and 23717 respectively. Accordingly, 11,827 protein-coding genes were grouped into three categories based on gene ontology, BP (3764 genes), CC (3625 genes), and MF (3243 genes). Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) were predictable to play an important role in the degradation of plant cell walls. The DFVF database identified the homologs of 1547 pathogenicity-associated genes, while the PHI database predicted 3990 homologs. To cover evolutionary details, 7918 SSRs were identified throughout the genome. This complete genome sequence analysis of Diplodia bulgarica Sun2024a causing apple canker augments our understanding of its pathogenesis and virulence. This study provides a framework for further investigation into D. bulgarica Sun2024a pathogenic mechanisms and the creation of improved methods for effective control of apple canker disease.