Urban energy efficiency in China: Examining the role of renewable energy, smart Grids, and sustainable design through spatial and policy perspectives (1990–2022)

Abstract

The study investigates urban energy efficiency in China from 1990 to 2022 via the perspectives of renewable energy, smart grids, sustainable architecture, and regulatory assistance using Sustainable Development Goals 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and 13 (Climate Action). Switching to renewable energy reduces carbon emissions (SDG-13) and boosts clean, inexpensive power (SDG-7). Smart grids (SDG-7) improve energy supply efficiency and reliability by integrating renewables and reducing energy waste. Making cities and infrastructure more energy efficient is Goal 7 of sustainable development to decrease emissions. Regulating these technologies and behaviors promotes widespread application and climate resilience (SDG-13) via policies and incentives. The study uncovers compelling insights by utilizing a robust methodology, specifically the Generalized Method of Moments. Renewable energy penetration (β = -1.479, p < 0.000), energy-efficient urban design (β = -1.816, p < 0.000), and public transportation adoption (β = -0.631, p < 0.028) exhibit negative correlations with urban energy efficiency. Conversely, implementing innovative grid technology (β = 2.386, p < 0.000) and utilizing building energy management systems (β = 0.337, p < 0.000) demonstrate positive impacts on urban energy efficiency. Exploration uses the impulse response function to predict future dynamics. Advanced grid integration is likely to reduce urban energy efficiency, while sustainable urban design is expected to improve it during the next decade. Variance decomposition study shows that renewable energy sources influence urban energy efficiency changes the greatest. After that, smart grid adoption, building energy efficiency, policy and regulatory assistance, and sustainable public transport decreased in importance. The results provide insights into greener city design, smarter grids, and increased use of renewable power sources in urban energy policy and practice. Energy-efficient and emission-reducing regulations may also improve sustainable urban development and climate resilience.